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<BiographicalNote textformat="02" language="eng">&#60;p&#62;Maurizio Ambrosini is Full Professor of Sociology of Migration at the Department of Social and Political Sciences, University of Milan, Italy, where he has furthered the creation of the Laboratory in Immigration, Multiculturalism and Society (LIMeS). His research interests cover immigrants' labour market, irregular migrations, migration policies, refugee studies. He is the author of more than 200 books, articles and essays on these topics.&#60;/p&#62;</BiographicalNote> 
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<BiographicalNote textformat="02" language="eng">&#60;p&#62;Arno Van Hootegem is Ph.D. candidate at the Institute for Social and Political Opinion Research (ISPO) of the Centre for Sociological Research (CeSO), KU Leuven, Belgium. His Ph.D. project is focused on public opinion towards distributive justice at Research Foundation Flanders (FWO). Other research interests include welfare attitudes and anti-refugee sentiments in Europe.&#60;/p&#62;</BiographicalNote> 
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<BiographicalNote textformat="02" language="eng">&#60;p&#62;Pieter Bevelander is Professor of International Migration and Ethnic Relations at the Department of Global political studies, and Director of Malmö Institute of Studies of Migration, Diversity and Welfare (MIM), Malmö University, Sweden. His main research fieldis international migration, and he covers different aspects of immigrant integration as well as the reactions of natives towards immigrants and minorities.&#60;/p&#62;</BiographicalNote> 
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<BiographicalNote textformat="02" language="eng">&#60;p&#62;Priska Daphi is Professor of Conflict Sociology at Bielefeld University, Germany. Her research focuses on conflicts in the context of globalization and migration with a focus on civil society, contentious politics, and social movements. She currently directs a three-year project funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG) that examines different local reactions to refugees in Germany. &#60;/p&#62;</BiographicalNote> 
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<BiographicalNote textformat="02" language="eng">&#60;p&#62;Elien Diels is Research Associate and Ph.D. candidate in Public Administration at the Public Governance Institute, KU Leuven, Belgium. She holds a M.A. in Sociology and a M.A. in Public Management and Public Policy. Her research interests include immigrant integration, public opinion towards asylum seekers and refugees, social policy, multi-level and multi-actor governance.&#60;/p&#62;</BiographicalNote> 
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<BiographicalNote textformat="02" language="eng">&#60;p&#62;Theodoros Fouskas is Adjunct Assistant Professor (407/1980) at the Department of Public Health and Community Health, University of West Attica, Greece. He holds a Ph.D. in Sociology. He has published extensively on issues of migration, precarious employment, access to healthcare, social integration and exclusion. Since 2005, he has participated in many research programs for migrants and refugees and other vulnerable groups.&#60;/p&#62;</BiographicalNote> 
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<BiographicalNote textformat="02" language="eng">&#60;p&#62;Anders Hellström is Senior Lecturer at Malmö Institute of Studies of Migration, Diversity and Welfare (MIM), Malmö University, Sweden. He holds a Ph.D. in Political Science. His research interests include identity politics, European integration, discourse theory, political philosophy, populism, nationalism, European nationalism, national self-images, politics of multi-culturalism, border-making processes.&#60;/p&#62;</BiographicalNote> 
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<BiographicalNote textformat="02" language="eng">&#60;p&#62;Sophie Hinger is Research Associate in Social Geography and a Ph.D. candidate at the Institute for Migration Research and Intercultural Studies (IMIS), Osnabrück University, Germany. In her doctoral research, she investigates the politics and spaces of urban asylum in Germany with a focus on the co-production between local authorities, migrants, solidarity groups and various other individual, collective and institutional actors.&#60;/p&#62;</BiographicalNote> 
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<BiographicalNote textformat="02" language="eng">&#60;p&#62;Annie Hondeghem is Full Professor at the Faculty of Social Sciences and Director of the Public Governance Institute, KU Leuven, Belgium, where she also co-ordinates the Policy Research Centre on Governance Innovation. She holds a Ph.D. in Social and Political Sciences. Annie is a specialist in the domain of public personnel management, policy on equal opportunities and diversity, and change management.&#60;/p&#62;</BiographicalNote> 
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<BiographicalNote textformat="02" language="eng">&#60;p&#62;András Kováts is Junior Research Fellow at the Institute for Minority Studies, Centre for Social Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences (MTA TK KI). He is also Director of the Hungarian Association for Migrants (Menedék). His research interests include international migration, immigration and social integration, migration and asylum policies.&#60;/p&#62;</BiographicalNote> 
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<BiographicalNote textformat="02" language="eng">&#60;p style="text-align: justify"&#62;Alessandro Mazzola is a post-doc researcher at CEDEM. He obtained his Ph.D. in Political and Social Sciences at the University of Liège with a NON-FRIA scholarship. He also works as a post-doc researcher at the &#60;a href="http://germe.ulb.ac.be/users/67/18/AMazzola.html"&#62;Group for research on Ethnic Relations, Migration and Equality (GERME)&#60;/a&#62; at the Université libre de Bruxelles. He obtained his B.A. in Intercultural Communication Science and M.A. in Show business and Media Sciences at the University of Naples Suor Orsola Benincasa. His current research project is entitled "&#60;a href="http://www.belspo.be/belspo/brain-be/themes_5_social_en.stm"&#62;Public opinion, mobilisations and policies concerning asylum seekers and refugees in anti-immigrants times&#60;/a&#62;" (PUMOMIG), funded by the Belgian Science Policy (BELSPO/BRAIN-be).&#60;/p&#62;  &#60;p&#62;Alessandro's areas of expertise include the cultural expression and political mobilization of minorities, the integration of newcomers in multicultural societies, the political debate on populism, xenophobia and the extreme-right.&#60;/p&#62;</BiographicalNote> 
<BiographicalNote textformat="02" language="fre">&#60;p&#62;Alessandro Mazzola est chercheur post-doctoral au CEDEM. Il a obtenu son doctorat en Sciences Politiques et Sociales à l'Université de Liège dans le cadre d'un bourse NON-FRIA. Il travaille aussi comme chercheur post-doc dans le &#60;a href="http://germe.ulb.ac.be/users/67/18/AMazzola.html"&#62;Groupe de recherche sur les Relations Ethniques, les Migrations et l'Egalité (GERME)&#60;/a&#62; à l&#8217;Université libre de Bruxelles. Il a obtenu son diplome B.A. en Sciences de la Communication Interculturelle et M.A. en Sciences du Spectacle et des Media à l&#8217;Université de Naples Suor Orsola Benincasa. Son projet de recherche actuel s&#8217;intitule « &#60;a href="http://www.belspo.be/belspo/brain-be/themes_5_social_en.stm"&#62;Public opinion, mobilisations and policies concerning asylum seekers and refugees in anti-immigrants times&#60;/a&#62; » (PUMOMIG), financé par la Politique Scientifique Fédérale Belge (BELSPO / BRAIN-be).&#60;/p&#62;  &#60;p&#62;Les domaines d&#8217;expertise d&#8217;Alessandro incluent l&#8217;expression culturelle et la mobilisation politique des minorités, l&#8217;intégration des nouveaux arrivants dans les sociétés multiculturelles, le débat politique sur le populisme, la xénophobie et l&#8217;extrême droite.&#60;/p&#62;</BiographicalNote> 
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<BiographicalNote textformat="02" language="eng">&#60;p&#62;Elsa Mescoli is Post-doctoral Research Associate at the Centre for Ethnic and Migration Studies (CEDEM), University of Liège, where she is also Assistant Lecturer at the Faculty of Social Sciences. She holds a joint Ph.D. in Anthropology (University of Milan-Bicocca, Italy) and Political and Social Sciences (University of Liege). Her teaching and research topics include transnational practices, intercultural dynamics, discrimination, refugee issues, migrant artistic practices and participation.&#60;/p&#62;</BiographicalNote> 
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<BiographicalNote textformat="02" language="eng">&#60;p&#62;Bart Meuleman is Associate Professor at the Institute for Social and Political Opinion Research (ISPO), and Coordinator of the Centre for Sociological Research (CeSo), KU Leuven, Belgium. He holds a Ph.D. in Social Sciences. His research interests include survey research, cross-national comparisons of value and attitude patterns suc as ethnic prejudice, egalitarianism and support for the welfare state. He has published widely on these topics.&#60;/p&#62;</BiographicalNote> 
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<BiographicalNote textformat="02" language="eng">&#60;p&#62;&#60;!--StartFragment--&#62;Full professor in sociology at Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Andrea Rea founded and is a member of the research centre Group for studies on Ethnic Relations, Migrations and Equality (GERME). His research focuses on migration studies, in Brussels and Belgium. He also works together with the Universities of Geneva and Montreal. Since 2018, he is the President of the Press.&#60;!--EndFragment--&#62;&#60;/p&#62;</BiographicalNote> 
<BiographicalNote textformat="02" language="fre">&#60;p&#62;&#60;!--StartFragment--&#62;Professeur de sociologie à l'ULB, Andrea Rea a créé et dirigé le GERME, Groupe de recherche sur les relations ethniques, les migrations et l'égalité. Il étudie les questions migratoires tant à Bruxelles qu'en Belgique ou dans des études comparées avec l'Université de Genève et l'Université de Montréal notamment. Il ocucpe la fonction de Président des Éditions depuis 2018.&#60;!--EndFragment--&#62;&#60;/p&#62;</BiographicalNote> 
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<BiographicalNote textformat="02" language="eng">&#60;p&#62;Marije Reidsma is Junior Researcher at the Research Institute for Work and Society (HIVA), KU Leuven, Belgium. She holds a B.A. in Sociology and a M.A. in Comparative and International Politics. Her main research interests are situated in the fieldof migration and integration. Another topic she has been engaged in is the social economy of Roma and Travellers residing in mobile homes.&#60;/p&#62;</BiographicalNote> 
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<BiographicalNote textformat="02" language="eng">&#60;p&#62;Antoine Roblain is Post-doctoral Research Associate at the Center for Social and Cultural Psychology (CeSCuP) and at the Institute for European Studies (IEE), Free University of Brussels, Belgium. He holds a Ph.D in Social Psychology. In 2018-2019, he held the position of Junior Lecturer at the University of Lausanne. His current research interests include life trajectories and sociocultural adaptation of immigrant newcomers, and psychological processes underlying intergroup and inter-minority solidarity with migrants.&#60;/p&#62;</BiographicalNote> 
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<BiographicalNote textformat="02" language="eng">&#60;p&#62;Verena Stern is Research Associate and Ph.D. candidate at the Faculty of Sociology, Bielefeld University, Germany. She works on a research project about local reactions to refugees in Germany. Her doctoral thesis examines protests against refugees in Germany with a focus on the coalitions between protest actors of the far-right and the more conservative political spectrum.&#60;/p&#62;</BiographicalNote> 
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<BiographicalNote textformat="02" language="eng">&#60;p&#62;&#60;!--StartFragment--&#62;Chloé Brière holds a PhD in law delivered jointly by the Université libre de Bruxelles and the University of Geneva in September 2016.&#60;!--EndFragment--&#62;&#60;/p&#62;</BiographicalNote> 
<BiographicalNote textformat="02" language="fre">&#60;p&#62;&#60;!--StartFragment--&#62;Chloé Brière est titulaire depuis septembre 2016 d'un doctorat en droit délivré en co-tutelle par l'Université libre de Bruxelles et l&#8217;Université de Genève.&#60;!--EndFragment--&#62;&#60;/p&#62;</BiographicalNote> 
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<BiographicalNote textformat="02" language="eng">&#60;p&#62;&#60;!--StartFragment--&#62;François Foret is Professor of Political Science at the Université libre de Bruxelles. He is also director of the Cevipol (Centre d'étude de la vie politique) and researcher at the Institute for European Studies (ULB). His research interests include: European integration; collective values, identity and memory; symbolic legitimization of political orders; interaction between religion and politics; comparative politics, especially comparison between Europe, Japan and the US.&#60;!--EndFragment--&#62;&#60;/p&#62;</BiographicalNote> 
<BiographicalNote textformat="02" language="fre">&#60;p&#62;François Foret est professeur de science politique à l'Université libre de Bruxelles et directeur du Centre d&#8217;études de la vie politique (Cevipol). Ses travaux portent sur la légitimation des ordres politiques ; les rapports entre identité, culture, religion et politique ; les institutions et politiques de l&#8217;Union européenne ; la politique comparée (notamment entre Europe, États-Unis et Japon).&#60;/p&#62;</BiographicalNote> 
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<BiographicalNote textformat="02" language="fre">&#60;p&#62;&#60;!--StartFragment--&#62;Nathalie Brack est professeure de sciences politiques et chercheuse au Centre d'études de la vie politique (CEVIPOL) à l&#8217;Université libre de Bruxelles. Elle est également coéditrice du &#60;em&#62;Journal of European Integration&#60;/em&#62;. Elle enseigne les questions européennes et la politique comparée. Ses travaux portent sur l&#8217;euroscepticisme, le Parlement européen, les &#60;em&#62;legislative studies&#60;/em&#62;, les théories du complot et les défis de la démocratie libérale.&#60;!--EndFragment--&#62;&#60;/p&#62;</BiographicalNote> 
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<BiographicalNote textformat="02" language="eng">&#60;p&#62;Ramona Coman is Professor in Political Science at the Université libre de Bruxelles. Before her nomination as Director of the Institute for European Studies (IEE) in 2014, she served as Deputy Director of the Centre d'étude de la vie politique (CEVIPOL). She received her PhD in political science from the ULB and she was post-doctoral fellow at the University of Bologna in 2008. Her research interests relate to Europeanization, European integration, and judicial reforms. Her work has been published in peer-reviewed journals including the&#60;em&#62; Journal of Contemporary European Studies&#60;/em&#62;, the &#60;em&#62;Journal of European Integration, Perspective on European Politics and Societies&#60;/em&#62;, &#60;em&#62;Revue française de science politique&#60;/em&#62;, and &#60;em&#62;Politique européenne.&#60;/em&#62;&#60;/p&#62;</BiographicalNote> 
<BiographicalNote textformat="02" language="fre">&#60;p&#62;Ramona Coman est présidente de l'Institut d'études européennes de l'Université libre de Bruxelles et professeure en sciences politiques à la Faculté de philosophie et de sciences sociales de l&#8217;Université libre de Bruxelles.&#60;/p&#62;</BiographicalNote> 
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<BiographicalNote textformat="02" language="fre">&#60;p&#62;Amandine Crespy est professeure en science politique à l'Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB) et chercheuse au sein du Centre d&#8217;Étude de la Vie Politique (CEVIPOL) et de l&#8217;Institut d&#8217;Études Européennes (IEE). Elle enseigne également au Collège d&#8217;Europe (Bruges). Ses recherches portent sur la gouvernance socio- économique de l&#8217;Union européenne, la politisation de l&#8217;Europe et l&#8217;euroscepticisme ainsi que le rôle des idées et des discours dans la politique européenne. Elle a notamment publié &#60;em&#62;Qui a peur de Bolkestein ? Résistances, conflit et démocratie dans l&#8217;Union européenne&#60;/em&#62; (2012), &#60;em&#62;Welfare Markets in Europe&#60;/em&#62; (2016) et co-édite &#60;em&#62;Governance and Politics in the Post- Crisis European Union&#60;/em&#62; (2019).&#60;/p&#62;</BiographicalNote> 
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<BiographicalNote textformat="02" language="eng">&#60;p&#62;Nicolas Levrat is Professor and Director of the Department of Public International Law and International Organisation at the University of Geneva.&#60;/p&#62;</BiographicalNote> 
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<Text textformat="02" language="eng">&#60;p&#62;The focus of this book is on the polarization, on the positive and negative attitudes, representations and practices, as well as on the interactions, at the local level, between majority populations and asylum seekers in the context of the 2015&#8211;18 reception crisis.&#60;/p&#62;
&#60;p&#62;This book has three objectives. First, it intends to examine publicopinion towards asylum seekers and refugees through a European cross-national perspective.&#60;/p&#62;
&#60;p&#62;Second, it explains the public opinion polarization by focusing on pro- and anti-migrant mobilization, and investigating the practices of hospitality and hostility in local communities.&#60;/p&#62;
&#60;p&#62;The third objective is to understand asylum seekers' and refugees&#8217; own perceptions of receiving countries and their asylum systems.These issues are specifically debated in the Belgian case. The other national case studies include Germany, Sweden, Hungary, Greece and Italy, and have been chosen based on preliminary research on the policy system, public opinion, and geopolitical position.&#60;/p&#62;
&#60;p&#62;This book represents the main output of the research project entitled "Public opinion, mobilizations and policies concerning asylum seekers and refugees in anti-immigrant times (Europe and Belgium)" supported by the Belgian Science Policy Office (BELSPO/BRAIN-be).&#60;/p&#62;</Text>
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<Text language="eng">The refugee question occupied centre stage at every political debate in Europe since 2015. Starting from the "long summer of migration", the polarization of opinions and attitudes towards asylum seekers among citizens of the EU has grown increasingly. The divergence between hospitality and hostility has also become evident in political reactions.</Text>
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<Text textformat="02">&#60;dl style="white-space:nowrap !important;"&#62;
&#60;dd&#62;Acknowledgements&#60;/dd&#62;
&#60;/dl&#62;
&#60;dl style="white-space:nowrap !important;"&#62;
&#60;dd&#62;Preliminary Remarks&#60;/dd&#62;
&#60;/dl&#62;
&#60;dl style="white-space:nowrap !important;"&#62;
&#60;dd&#62;&#60;b&#62;I&#60;small&#62;NTRODUCTION&#60;/small&#62;.&#60;/b&#62; &#8211; The Refugee Reception Crisis in Europe. Polarized Opinions and Mobilizations | Andrea R&#60;small&#62;EA&#60;/small&#62;, Marco M&#60;small&#62;ARTINIELLO&#60;/small&#62;,&#60;/dd&#62;
&#60;dd&#62;Alessandro M&#60;small&#62;AZZOLA&#60;/small&#62; and Bart M&#60;small&#62;EULEMAN&#60;/small&#62;&#60;br /&#62;
The Long Summer of Migration&#60;br /&#62;
Who Is a Migrant? Who Is a Refugee?&#60;br /&#62;
"Refugee Reception Crisis" Rather than "Refugee Crisis"&#60;br /&#62;
Attitudes Towards Migrants and Refugees: Polarized Opinions&#60;br /&#62;
Civil Society Mobilization&#60;br /&#62;
Motivations and Frames of Mobilization&#60;br /&#62;
The Collective Dimension of Mobilization&#60;/dd&#62;
&#60;/dl&#62;
&#60;dl style="white-space:nowrap !important;"&#62;
&#60;dd&#62;&#60;b&#62;C&#60;small&#62;HAPTER&#60;/small&#62; I.&#60;/b&#62; &#8211; European Citizens' Opinions Towards Immigration and Asylum Policies. A Quantitative Comparative Analysis&#60;br /&#62;
| Arno V&#60;small&#62;AN&#60;/small&#62; H&#60;small&#62;OOTEGEM&#60;/small&#62; and Bart M&#60;small&#62;EULEMAN&#60;/small&#62;&#60;br /&#62;
Introduction&#60;br /&#62;
Trends in Economic and Cultural Threat Perceptions from 2002 to 2016&#60;br /&#62;
     Cross-national evolutions&#60;br /&#62;
     The evolution of perceived threat in Belgium by region&#60;br /&#62;
European Citizens' Attitudes Towards Asylum Policy&#60;br /&#62;
     Attitudes towards asylum policies: 2002 and 2016 compared&#60;br /&#62;
     Explaining attitudes towards asylum policy: Individual and contextual determinants&#60;br /&#62;
     Comparing attitudes towards asylum policy with attitudes towards immigration policy&#60;br /&#62;
Conclusion&#60;/dd&#62;
&#60;/dl&#62;
&#60;dl style="white-space:nowrap !important;"&#62;
&#60;dd&#62;&#60;b&#62;C&#60;small&#62;HAPTER&#60;/small&#62; II.&#60;/b&#62; &#8211; Divided Reactions: Pro- and Anti-Migrant Mobilization in Germany | Sophie H&#60;small&#62;INGER&#60;/small&#62;, Priska D&#60;small&#62;APHI&#60;/small&#62; and Verena S&#60;small&#62;TERN&#60;/small&#62;&#60;/dd&#62;
&#60;dd&#62;Introduction&#60;br /&#62;
     Contextualizing Migration and Asylum in Germany&#60;br /&#62;
     The dynamics of (refugee) migration to Germany&#60;br /&#62;
     The administration of asylum in Germany&#60;br /&#62;
     The politicization of (refugee) migration&#60;br /&#62;
Pro-Migrant Mobilization&#60;br /&#62;
     Pro-migrant mobilization before 2015&#60;br /&#62;
     The development of pro-migrant mobilization since 2015&#60;br /&#62;
     Key actors in pro-migrant mobilization&#60;br /&#62;
     Key demands of pro-migrant mobilization&#60;br /&#62;
     Impact of pro-migrant mobilization&#60;br /&#62;
Anti-Migrant Mobilization&#60;br /&#62;
     Anti-migrant mobilization before 2015&#60;br /&#62;
     Development of anti-migrant mobilization since 2015&#60;br /&#62;
     Key actors in anti-migrant mobilization&#60;br /&#62;
     Key demands of anti-migrant mobilization&#60;br /&#62;
     Impact of anti-migrant mobilization&#60;br /&#62;
Conclusions&#60;/dd&#62;
&#60;/dl&#62;
&#60;dl style="white-space:nowrap !important;"&#62;
&#60;dd&#62;&#60;b&#62;C&#60;small&#62;HAPTER&#60;/small&#62; III.&#60;/b&#62; &#8211; Pro- and Anti-Migrant Mobilizations in Polarized Sweden | Pieter B&#60;small&#62;EVELANDER&#60;/small&#62; and Anders H&#60;small&#62;ELLSTRÖM&#60;/small&#62;&#60;br /&#62;
Introduction&#60;br /&#62;
Immigration and Asylum in Sweden&#60;br /&#62;
Response from the Authorities on Arrival&#60;br /&#62;
     Change in policy for asylum seekers&#60;br /&#62;
The Party-Political Landscape&#60;br /&#62;
     Political positions on immigration in Sweden&#60;br /&#62;
     The mainstream-left bloc&#60;br /&#62;
     The mainstream-right coalition&#60;br /&#62;
Actions and Reactions to Changing Policies on Immigration and Integration by the Authorities and in Civil Society&#60;br /&#62;
     Pro-immigration engagement in civil society&#60;br /&#62;
     Prospects for change&#60;br /&#62;
     Engagement in opposition to refugee integration&#60;br /&#62;
Concluding Discussion&#60;/dd&#62;
&#60;/dl&#62;
&#60;dl style="white-space:nowrap !important;"&#62;
&#60;dd&#62;&#60;b&#62;C&#60;small&#62;HAPTER&#60;/small&#62; IV.&#60;/b&#62; &#8211; The Reception of Refugees and the Reactions of the Local Population in Hungary | András K&#60;small&#62;OVÁTS&#60;/small&#62;&#60;/dd&#62;
&#60;dd&#62;and Alessandro M&#60;small&#62;AZZOLA&#60;/small&#62;&#60;br /&#62;
The Reception Crisis Years&#60;br /&#62;
     Asylum statistics of the preceding years&#60;br /&#62;
     Chronology of the refugee reception crisis from January 2015 to October 2016&#60;br /&#62;
     Developments since October 2016&#60;br /&#62;
The Asylum System after the Crisis&#60;br /&#62;
     Political communication and public debate&#60;br /&#62;
     Reaction of the public &#8211; survey and public opinion poll findings&#60;br /&#62;
Citizens' Mobilization During and After the Reception Crisis&#60;br /&#62;
     Civil society organizations involved in the reception crisis&#60;br /&#62;
     The unfolding conflict between the government and civil society&#60;br /&#62;
     Summing up the present situation&#60;/dd&#62;
&#60;/dl&#62;
&#60;dl style="white-space:nowrap !important;"&#62;
&#60;dd&#62;&#60;b&#62;C&#60;small&#62;HAPTER&#60;/small&#62; V.&#60;/b&#62; &#8211; Unravelling Solidarity and Hostility: Mobilizations Concerning Migrants, Asylum Seekers and Refugees in Anti-Migrant Times in Greece&#60;br /&#62;
| Theodoros F&#60;small&#62;OUSKAS&#60;/small&#62;&#60;br /&#62;
Introduction&#60;br /&#62;
Immigration and Asylum in Greece&#60;br /&#62;
     National strategy for integration&#60;br /&#62;
     Methodology&#60;br /&#62;
The Political Landscape in Greece: the Politicization of Migration Issues&#60;br /&#62;
Pre-Existing Citizen Initiatives and Mobilization in Support of Migrants and Refugees&#60;br /&#62;
Pre-Existing Hatred Against Refugees, Asylum Seekers and Migrants: Golden Dawn (GD)&#60;br /&#62;
Solidarity Versus Hostility: Pro- and Anti-Migrant Citizen Mobilization since 2015&#60;br /&#62;
     Protesting for humanitarian and for hostile causes during and after 2015&#60;br /&#62;
     Mobilized citizen profile: "solidarians", raid battalions, activists and self-mobilized citizens&#60;br /&#62;
Conclusion&#60;/dd&#62;
&#60;/dl&#62;
&#60;dl style="white-space:nowrap !important;"&#62;
&#60;dd&#62;&#60;b&#62;C&#60;small&#62;HAPTER&#60;/small&#62; VI.&#60;/b&#62; &#8211; The Imaginary Invasion: How the Discourse on the "Refugee Crisis" Has Impacted Italian Politics and Society&#60;br /&#62;
| Maurizio A&#60;small&#62;MBROSINI&#60;/small&#62;&#60;br /&#62;
The Context: Immigration in a Historical Country of Emigration&#60;br /&#62;
     The construction of the "refugee crisis" in Italy&#60;br /&#62;
     The anti-refugee wave in Italian politics&#60;br /&#62;
The Opposition of Local Authorities to the Settlement of Asylum Seekers and to Reception Facilities&#60;br /&#62;
     The far right and mobilization against asylum seekers&#60;/dd&#62;
&#60;dd&#62;Mobilizations and Initiatives in Favour of Refugees&#60;br /&#62;
     Three examples of pro-refugee mobilization&#60;br /&#62;
Conclusions: How the "Refugee Crisis" is Changing Italian Politics&#60;/dd&#62;
&#60;/dl&#62;
&#60;dl style="white-space:nowrap !important;"&#62;
&#60;dd&#62;&#60;b&#62;C&#60;small&#62;HAPTER&#60;/small&#62; VII.&#60;/b&#62; &#8211; Mobilizations and Opinions Regarding Asylum Seekers, Refugees and Undocumented Migrants in Belgium:&#60;/dd&#62;
&#60;dd&#62;Frames, Motivations and Actions | Elsa M&#60;small&#62;ESCOLI&#60;/small&#62;, Marije R&#60;small&#62;EIDSMA&#60;/small&#62;, Elien D&#60;small&#62;IELS&#60;/small&#62;, Annie H&#60;small&#62;ONDGHEM&#60;/small&#62;, Alessandro M&#60;small&#62;AZZOLA&#60;/small&#62;,&#60;/dd&#62;
&#60;dd&#62;Antoine R&#60;small&#62;OBLAIN&#60;/small&#62; and Andrea R&#60;small&#62;EA&#60;/small&#62;&#60;br /&#62;
Preliminary Remarks on The Research&#60;br /&#62;
Introduction&#60;br /&#62;
     Previous research results&#60;br /&#62;
     Research topics summarized&#60;br /&#62;
Context of the Belgian Asylum Policy&#60;br /&#62;
     A history of refugee crises&#60;br /&#62;
     Facts and figures&#60;br /&#62;
     Multi-level and multi-actor governance&#60;br /&#62;
     The involvement of local government in the policy field of asylum&#60;br /&#62;
     Policy and discourses of the federal government&#60;br /&#62;
Methodology&#60;br /&#62;
     Choice of the field sites: localities with a reception centre&#60;br /&#62;
     Grassroots initiatives&#60;br /&#62;
     Fieldwork methodology&#60;br /&#62;
Pro-Migrant Mobilization Actions &#8211; Frames of Mobilization&#60;br /&#62;
     The humanitarian (and legalist) rationale in Zeebrugge and Brussels&#60;br /&#62;
     The rationale of the "transversal struggles" in Liège&#60;br /&#62;
     The refugee reception crisis as humanitarian "momentum" in old and new reception sites&#60;br /&#62;
Conflicts between volunteers and centre operators in newly opened centres&#60;br /&#62;
Reasons for Mobilization: A Focus on Opinions&#60;br /&#62;
     From empathy and solidarity to a subversive will&#60;br /&#62;
     Giving and receiving through volunteering&#60;br /&#62;
     The "us and them" prejudice&#60;br /&#62;
     The cultural citizenship motive&#60;br /&#62;
Mobilization Against Reception&#60;br /&#62;
     A non-structured polarization&#60;br /&#62;
     Information provision and protest&#60;br /&#62;
     The pre-opening meetings&#60;br /&#62;
Beyond Mobilization: the Impact of a Reception Centre on Local Communities&#60;br /&#62;
     Moments of contact&#60;br /&#62;
     Neutral cohabitation?&#60;br /&#62;
     The impact of the centre on local social ties&#60;br /&#62;
Migrants' Opinions and Action&#60;/dd&#62;
&#60;dd&#62;     On asylum procedure: immobility within mobility&#60;br /&#62;
     On the reception system and its actors&#60;br /&#62;
     Migrants' agency between constraints and autonomy&#60;br /&#62;
Conclusion&#60;/dd&#62;
&#60;/dl&#62;
&#60;dl style="white-space:nowrap !important;"&#62;
&#60;dd&#62;References&#60;/dd&#62;
&#60;/dl&#62;
&#60;dl style="white-space:nowrap !important;"&#62;
&#60;dd&#62;Biographical Notes&#60;/dd&#62;
&#60;/dl&#62;</Text>
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<Text language="eng">&#60;p&#62;Created and directed from 1968 to 1999 by Jean-Victor Louis, the collection was long directed by Marianne Dony and François Foret; it is now directed by Chloé Brière and François Foret.&#60;/p&#62;  &#60;p&#62;The works published in the collection are characterised both by their critical view of current issues in European integration and by their methodological and disciplinary rigour: from constitutional law for Europe to the European criminal justice area, from comparative politics to international relations, from the history of political ideas to the analysis of the evolution of the EU's institutional system. The collection is accessible both to professionals working in the field of European integration and to those who wish to learn more about European issues.&#60;/p&#62;</Text>
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